Impact of FDI inflow, crude oil prices, and economic growth on CO2 emission in Tunisia: Symmetric and asymmetric analysis through ARDL and NARDL approach

This study explores the symmetric and asymmetric impact of real GDP per capita, FDI inflow, crude oil price on CO2 emission in Tunisia for 1972–2016 period. Using cointegration tests, namely ARDL NARDL bound test, results show that variables are associated a long run relationship. Long estimates from both approach confirms validity ECK hypothesis Tunisia. Symmetric analysis reveals economic growth adversely affect environment, contrast to inflows reduce emissions run. Whereas increase harm environment decrease have positive repercussions environment. The causality suggests bilateral link exists between carbon one-way ranges prices emissions. Thus, some policy recommendations been formulated help support development.